Biochemicals and Reagents
Biochemical reagents refer to biological materials or organic compounds related to life science research, as well as reagents used in clinical diagnosis and medical research. They mainly include electrophoresis reagents, chromatography reagents, centrifugation reagents, immunological reagents, labeling reagents, histochemical reagents, permeabilizing agents and carcinogens, pesticides, culture media, buffers, electron microscopy reagents, protein and nucleic acid precipitants, condensation agents, ultrafiltration membranes, clinical diagnostic reagents, stains, antioxidants, mildew inhibitors, detergents and surfactants, biochemical standard reagents, biochemical quality control reagents, separation materials, etc.
Biochemicals and Reagents
Biochemical reagents refer to biological materials or organic compounds related to life science research, as well as reagents used in clinical diagnosis and medical research. They mainly include electrophoresis reagents, chromatography reagents, centrifugation reagents, immunological reagents, labeling reagents, histochemical reagents, permeabilizing agents and carcinogens, pesticides, culture media, buffers, electron microscopy reagents, protein and nucleic acid precipitants, condensation agents, ultrafiltration membranes, clinical diagnostic reagents, stains, antioxidants, mildew inhibitors, detergents and surfactants, biochemical standard reagents, biochemical quality control reagents, separation materials, etc.
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Indole Alkaloids
Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloid compounds containing an indole ring structure that are commonly found in plants, especially species from the Apocynaceae, Loganaceae, and Rubiaceae families.
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Isoquinoline Alkaloids
Isoquinoline alkaloids are also called benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. This type of alkaloid is characterized by having an isoquinoline skeleton.
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Phenylethylamine Alkaloids
Phenylethylamine alkaloids are a class of alkaloid compounds that contain phenethylamine in their chemical structure. These alkaloids are commonly found in various plants and fungi and are known for their psychoactive properties.
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Piperidine Alkaloids
Piperidine alkaloids are a class of alkaloid compounds that contain a piperidine ring in their chemical structure. These alkaloids are commonly found in various plants, most notably in the Solanaceae family.
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Purine Alkaloids
Purine alkaloids are a class of natural compounds containing a purine ring structure. They are commonly found in plants and have a variety of biological activities.
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Pyridine Alkaloids
Pyridine alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring compounds that contain a pyridine ring in their chemical structure and are commonly found in plants.
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Quinoline Alkaloids
Quinoline alkaloids are a class of natural compounds commonly found in plants, especially in the genus Cinchona. The pharmacological properties of quinoline alkaloids have been studied and show potential for a variety of medicinal uses, including antimalarial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Tropane Alkaloids
Tropane alkaloids are a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds that contain a tropane ring structure. They are commonly found in plants such as belladonna, datura, and stramonium. These alkaloids have various pharmacological effects on the central nervous system and are known for their psychoactive properties and toxicity.
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Alkaloids (Other)
Alkaloids are a class of nitrogen-containing alkaline organic compounds that exist in nature (mainly plants, but some also exist in animals). They have alkali-like properties, so they were also called pseudoalkalis in the past. They are usually secondary metabolites from plants, fungi or bacteria, and have a variety of pharmacological activities, including analgesic, antimalarial and psychoactive properties.
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Cross-Linkers
Crosslinkers are mainly used to connect antibodies and toxins. The linker that connects cytotoxic drugs to monoclonal antibodies is the core part of ADC. One of the biggest challenges in developing effective ADCs is to choose a suitable crosslinker. The crosslinker must be able to release the cytotoxic drug in an active form in or near the target cell. The crosslinker is the basis for the effective delivery of cytotoxic drugs by ADC and is also a key factor in determining the toxicity of ADC products. Premature release of drugs in the circulation can lead to systemic toxicity and a lower therapeutic index. The choice of linker usually depends on the target, the drug, the internalization and degradation of the antibody-antigen complex, and the properties of the drug used.
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Enzyme Cleavable Linkers (Cleave Motif)
There are specific enzymes in the intracellular lysosomes and tumor microenvironment that can selectively cleave linkers. For example, cathepsins in lysosomes can hydrolyze peptide bonds, such as dipeptide or tetrapeptide linkers. Glycosidases that hydrolyze β-glucuronide and β-galactosidase, phosphatases that hydrolyze pyrophosphate and pyrophosphate, and sulfatases that hydrolyze sulfates.
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Payload (Drug) Candidates
After ADC drugs enter the blood circulation, they bind to the target antigen receptors on the surface of tumor cells. The newly formed ADC-antigen complex is internalized and degraded by lysosomes, releasing the payload and inducing tumor cell death. The payload is an important component of ADCs, and its activity and physicochemical properties directly affect the anti-tumor efficacy of ADCs drugs. The ideal payload should have sufficiently high cytotoxicity, low immunogenicity, high stability, modifiable functional groups, bystander killing effect, appropriate water solubility, and the target should be intracellular. Common payloads include tubulin inhibitors and DNA damaging agents.
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Enzyme Cleavable Linkers (Cleave Motif)
There are specific enzymes in the intracellular lysosomes and tumor microenvironment that can selectively cleave linkers. For example, cathepsins in lysosomes can hydrolyze peptide bonds, such as dipeptide or tetrapeptide linkers. Glycosidases that hydrolyze β-glucuronide and β-galactosidase, phosphatases that hydrolyze pyrophosphate and pyrophosphate, and sulfatases that hydrolyze sulfates.
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Biotins, Streptavidins
Biotin was once known as coenzyme R and vitamin H. Biotin is water-soluble, which means that the body does not store it. It has many important functions in the body. It is required for the function of a variety of enzymes, called carboxylases. These biotin-containing enzymes are involved in important metabolic pathways, such as the production of glucose and fatty acids. Streptavidin is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from Streptomyces avedini. Streptavidin homotetramers have an extremely high affinity for biotin. The binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in nature, with a dissociation constant of approximately 1 μmol/L. Streptavidin is widely used in molecular biology and bionanotechnology due to the resistance of the streptavidin-biotin complex to organic solvents, denaturants, detergents, proteolytic enzymes, and extremes of temperature and pH.
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Functionality Creating Reagents
In bioconjugation, functional groups are used to link two or more molecules via covalent bonds. Functional reagents are used to introduce new reactive groups to target molecules or linkers. Despite the diversity of various molecules, four major chemical targets on target molecules account for most bioconjugation techniques: Primary amines (-NH2): can be crosslinked using NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) esters and water-soluble Sulfo-NHS esters. Carboxyl groups (-COOH): can be crosslinked to amino groups via peptide bonds. Thiol/sulfhydryl groups (-SH): can be linked together via disulfide bonds (-SS-). Aldehyde groups (-CHO): are usually generated in molecules by oxidation of carbohydrate groups, including glycoproteins, and can be crosslinked to molecules containing amino or hydrazine groups.
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Functional Group Blocking Reagents
Functional group blockers are a class of substances that can bind to receptors and prevent agonists from producing effects. They occupy the active site or allosteric site of the receptor, preventing the binding of agonists to receptors, thereby inhibiting the activity of receptors. Blockers have affinity for the corresponding receptors, but have no efficacy, so they can inhibit the effect of agonists on receptors.
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Heterobifunctional Cross-Linkers
Heterobifunctional crosslinkers have different reactive groups at both ends. These crosslinkers can not only couple molecules with their respective target functional groups in a single step, but also in a sequential (two-step) manner, minimizing unwanted aggregation or self-coupling. They are often used in biochemical and biomedical research, especially in protein modification, protein coupling, and protein interaction studies.
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PEGylation Reagents and PEG Spacers
Pegylation reagent is an advanced pharmaceutical molecule modification technology that couples polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the surface of drug molecules to change the solubility of the drug, reduce enzymatic hydrolysis, reduce immunogenicity, prolong the half-life, and change tissue distribution, thereby increasing the concentration of the drug in the target area and achieving long-acting drug.
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Zero-length Crosslinkers
Zero-length crosslinkers are special chemicals that can form crosslinks between two or more polymer chains without the use of any external additives, thereby improving the physical and chemical properties of the polymer. The chemical structure of zero-length crosslinkers usually consists of two parts: one part is a highly reactive functional group, such as a bifunctional group or a dead group, and the other part is an inactive group, such as an alkyl group, an aryl group, etc. These inactive groups can form stable chemical bonds between polymer chains, thereby achieving the purpose of crosslinking.
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Albumin Binding Modification Reagents
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Homobifunctional Cross-Linkers
Homobifunctional crosslinkers contain two or more identical reactive groups in their structure. These reactive groups can react with the molecules to be crosslinked to form a crosslinked structure. Since the reactive groups of these crosslinkers are the same, they can react with the same type of reactive groups.
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Copper-free Click Reaction Reagents
Copper-free click chemistry is a chemical reaction method that can achieve rapid intermolecular connection under mild conditions without the use of toxic copper catalysts. Copper-free click reaction reagents mainly include DBCO (dibenzocyclooctyne) and BCN (benzocyclooctyne) compounds. These reagents can react with azides under copper-free conditions to form stable triazole bonds. They are often used in biomedicine, materials science, and drug development.
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Photo-reactive Crosslinkers
Photoreactive crosslinkers are a class of compounds that can initiate chemical crosslinking reactions by light irradiation. Aryl azides (AZs), benzophenones (BPs), diaziridines (DAs) and 2-aryl-5-carboxytetrazoles (ACTs). Under ultraviolet excitation of a specific wavelength, the corresponding intermediates are nitrene, diradical, carbene and carboxynitrile imine. Among them, carbene-mediated photoaffinity labeling is widely used in drug target recognition.
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N-Terminal Cysteine Residue-specific Conjugation Reagents
N-Terminal Cysteine Residue-specific Conjugation Reagents are a class of highly selective chemical reagents that react specifically with the N-terminal cysteine residue (Cys) of proteins or peptides. These reagents have important applications in biochemistry and drug development, especially in labeling, purification, and drug delivery.
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Complex Lipids
Complex lipids refer to lipids that contain other non-lipid components (such as phosphoric acid, choline, sugar, etc.) in addition to lipids composed of fatty acids and alcohols.
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Fatty Acyls
Fatty acyl groups are organic compounds consisting of fatty acid chains attached to molecules via acyl groups. They play important roles in biological processes such as energy storage, cell membrane structure, and signaling pathways.
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Glycerolipids
Glycerolipids are lipids with a glycerol backbone and fatty acids attached to the glycerol molecule. Glycerolipids play important roles in cell structure, energy storage, and cell signaling.
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Lipid Extracts/Oils
Lipid extracts/oils are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. They are usually derived from plants, marine organisms or animals and are composed of various types of fatty acids.
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Phospholipids [Lipids]
Phospholipids are the main components of biological membranes and are divided into two categories: glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin. Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules, with a hydrophilic nitrogen or phosphorus head at one end and a long hydrophobic (lipophilic) hydrocarbon chain at the other end. Therefore, the hydrophilic ends of phospholipid molecules are close to each other, and the hydrophobic ends are close to each other. They often form a phospholipid bilayer together with other molecules such as proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol, that is, the structure of the cell membrane.
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Sphingolipids
Sphingolipids are a class of amphipathic lipids containing a sphingosine skeleton, with a long-chain fatty acid connected to one end and a polar alcohol at the other end. Sphingolipids include sphingomyelin and gangliosides, which are generally found in plant and animal membranes, especially in the tissues of the central nervous system.
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Chemiluminescent Compounds
Chemiluminescent compounds are substances that emit light through a chemical reaction, usually involving the oxidation of a luminophore by an oxidant. This process produces light without the need for an external light source and is commonly used in industries such as biochemistry, environmental monitoring, and forensic analysis for a variety of applications including molecular detection and quantification.
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Chemiluminescence Enhancers
Chemiluminescence enhancers are compounds or materials that increase the intensity or duration of a chemiluminescent reaction. These enhancers are commonly used in a variety of analytical and diagnostic techniques to improve the sensitivity and detection limits of assays that rely on chemiluminescence as a signal.
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Coenzymes
Coenzymes are small molecules that bind to enzymes and help them complete catalytic reactions. Coenzymes themselves have no catalytic activity, but by binding to enzymes, they participate in many biochemical reactions, usually as electron carriers, proton transferors, or group transferors. The role of coenzymes is to enhance the catalytic ability of enzymes and promote the progress of reactions.
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NAD(P)(H) and Analogs
NAD(P)(H) and its analogues (NAD+, NADP+, NADH, NADPH) play a critical role in cells. They are mainly involved in redox reactions and regulate cellular energy metabolism, antioxidant reactions, and anabolism.
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Nucleobases and their Analogs
Nucleotide bases and their analogs play an important role in biology. They are not only the basic units of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), but also play key roles in various biochemical processes, signal transduction, and drug development.
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Nucleoside Analogs
Nucleotide analogs are chemical molecules that are similar in structure to natural nucleotides. They are widely used in medicine, especially in the fields of antiviral, anticancer, gene therapy, etc. Since the structures of these analogs are similar to natural nucleotides, they can be recognized by enzymes in cells and participate in the synthesis of nucleic acids, but because their chemical structures are slightly different, they can often interfere with normal biological processes.
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Nucleosides
Nucleosides play multiple important roles in organisms. They are not only the basic units of genetic material (DNA and RNA), but also participate in various physiological processes such as energy metabolism, cell signaling, and enzyme activity regulation. In addition, nucleosides and their analogs are also widely used in the medical field as antiviral and anticancer drugs, showing their potential in clinical treatment.
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Nucleotide Analogs
Nucleotide analogs are compounds that are structurally similar to natural nucleotides, but they usually contain some chemical modifications that give them different biological activities. They can be activated in cells and replace natural nucleotides, interfering with the synthesis of DNA or RNA, thereby exerting their effects.
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Nucleotides
Nucleotides play many important roles in cells. They are not only the basic units of genetic material (DNA and RNA), but also the key molecules that are indispensable in many biological processes such as energy metabolism, cell signaling, enzyme cofactors, cell repair, etc. They play a fundamental and important role in maintaining the stability of life activities and the normal operation of cell functions.
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Oligonucleotides, DNA, and RNA
Oligonucleotides, DNA and RNA have important biological functions in cells and organisms. They play a key role in the storage, expression, regulation and many other life activities of genetic information. DNA is the storage and transmission carrier of genetic information, which determines the genetic characteristics of organisms. RNA is responsible for transcribing from DNA and converting genetic information into instructions for protein synthesis, and is also involved in regulation and other biological processes. Oligonucleotides are short-chain nucleic acid molecules that are widely used in research and medicine. They can regulate gene expression and are used as tools for gene testing, editing and other operations.
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Oxidoreductase Coenzymes
The role of oxidoreductase coenzymes in organisms is mainly to participate in redox reactions and help the electron transfer process in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions, while coenzymes are auxiliary molecules required by these enzymes, usually by accepting or donating electrons to play a role.
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Dipeptides and Tripeptides
Dipeptides and tripeptides are molecules formed by the condensation of amino acids. Dipeptides are formed by the dehydration condensation of two amino acids, while tripeptides are formed by the dehydration condensation of three amino acids.
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Oligopeptides
Oligopeptides are a type of polypeptide, which are compounds formed by the condensation of 2-1 amino acids. The difference from other peptides is that oligopeptides can be directly absorbed by the human body without digestion.
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Antimicrobial Ingredients
Antimicrobial ingredients are compounds that can inhibit or kill microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa).
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Antiparasitic Ingredients, Antiprotozoal Ingredients, Antihelminthic Ingredients
Used in the study of therapeutic antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic compounds.
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Antiviral Research Reagents
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic antiviral drugs.
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Antitumor Research Reagents
Compounds used to study therapeutic anti-tumor drugs.
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Antihypertensive Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic antihypertensive drugs.
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Antilipemic Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic lipid-lowering drugs.
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Antithrombotic Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic antithrombotic drugs.
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Antidiabetic Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic anti-diabetic drugs.
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Neurotransmitter Agent Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic neurotransmitter drugs.
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Anti-inflammatory Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Anti-allergic Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic anti-allergy drugs.
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Immunosuppressant Ingredients
Compounds used to study therapeutic immunosuppressants.
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Anti-rheumatoid Arthritis Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic agents against rheumatoid arthritis.
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Anti-osteoporosis Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic anti-osteoporosis drugs.
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Pharmaceutical Research Reagents (Others)
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Cosmetic Research Reagents
Compounds used to study cosmetics.
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Antifungal Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic antifungal drugs.
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Contrast Medium Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of contrast agents.
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Anti-Constipation Ingredients
Compounds used in the study of therapeutic anti-constipation drugs.
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Aromatic Polyketides
Aromatic polyketides are a class of natural products produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants via the type II polyketide synthase pathway. These compounds are characterized by their complex aromatic structures containing multiple aromatic rings derived from acetate units.
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Phenylpropanoids
Phenylpropanoid compounds are widely found in plants and have become important raw materials in many fields such as medicine, food, and cosmetics. Many of these compounds have various biological activities and have broad application prospects in the fields of medicine and biology. Common ones include coumarins , lignans, etc.
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Plasma and Blood Proteins
Plasma and blood proteins circulate in the blood and play key roles in various physiological processes. Plasma proteins are primarily produced by the liver and include albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen, among others. These proteins help maintain osmotic pressure, transport nutrients, hormones, and waste products, and aid in immune responses and blood clotting. Blood proteins, on the other hand, include a wider range of proteins present in the blood, such as enzymes, antibodies, and clotting factors, which perform a variety of functions that are essential for overall health and normal body function.
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Proteins (Other)
Other proteins.
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Androstanes (Androgens)
Androstanes are a class of steroids that function as androgens. They play a vital role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics, including the growth of facial and body hair, the deepening of the voice, and the production of sperm. In addition, androgens contribute to muscle growth, bone density, and overall sexual function in both men and women.
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Phytosteroids
Phytosterols are a class of naturally occurring plant sterols with a chemical structure similar to cholesterol. They play an important role in plant growth and development and human health, and are widely present in the cell membranes of various plants such as vegetables and fruits.
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Pregnanes (Corticoids)
Pregnanes are a class of corticosteroids, which are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. They play a key role in regulating a variety of physiological processes in the body, including metabolism, immune response, and stress.
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Pregnanes (Progestogen)
Pregnanes are a class of steroid compounds derived from progesterone that act as progestogens in the body. They play a key role in the regulation of the female reproductive system and are commonly used in hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.
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Steroid Glycosides
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Steroids (Others)
Steroids are a general term for a large class of cyclopentyl perhydrophenanthrene derivatives widely distributed in the biological world, also known as steroids and steroidal compounds. Steroid compounds do not contain bound fatty acids and are non-saponifiable lipids; these compounds belong to isoprenoid substances, which are generated by the cyclization of triterpenes and then through internal molecular recombination and chemical modification.
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Acyclic Monoterpenes
Acyclic monoterpenes are a class of chain monoterpenes composed of two isoprene. Acyclic monoterpenes do not contain any cyclic structure, such as β-myrcene, geraniol, etc.
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Bicyclic Monoterpenes
Bicyclic monoterpenes are bicyclic terpenoid compounds composed of two isoprenes. Due to the different double bond positions and the types and spatial orientations of oxygen-containing groups in the structure, each type of bicyclic monoterpenes contains a large number of isomers. This type of compound exists in essential oils and various spices. For example, carane and limonane monoterpenes.
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Diterpenes
Diterpenes are terpene compounds containing four isoprene units, with a total of 2 carbon atoms, and are a type of terpene compound.
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Hemiterpenes
Hemiterpenes are a class of terpenoids consisting of a single isoprene, considered to be half of a terpene molecule. They are commonly found in essential oils and have a variety of biological activities.
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Monocyclic Monoterpenes
Monocyclic monoterpenes are monocyclic terpenoid compounds composed of two isoprenes. They are the main components of essential oils and various spices.
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Sesquiterpenes
Sesquiterpenes refer to natural terpenoid compounds with 15 carbon atoms in the molecule, which contain three isoprene units and have a variety of skeleton structures such as chain and ring.
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Terpenes (Others)
Terpenes are a general term for a series of terpenoid compounds, which are olefin compounds with a molecular formula that is an integer multiple of isoprene. Terpenes are a class of natural hydrocarbons that are widely present in plants and can be obtained from many plants, especially conifers. Many terpenoid compounds have important physiological activities and are an important source for studying natural products and developing new drugs.
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Triterpenes
Triterpenes are a class of terpene compounds whose basic nucleus is composed of 3 carbon atoms. They exist in plants in free form or in the form of glycosides or esters combined with sugars. They have multiple biochemical activities and are often used as indicators for qualitative and quantitative analysis of important preparations. They have multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties.
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Vitamins
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Vitamin Related Compounds
Scientific research has found that there are at least 3 different compounds that are considered "vitamins", of which more than 2 are known to be essential for biological health. Studying the biochemistry, physiology and molecular mechanisms behind the function, source, absorption and metabolism of vitamins and related compounds in the body is essential to ensure proper nutrition, prevent deficiency diseases and promote optimal health.
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Vitamin Derivatives
Vitamin derivatives are compounds that are structurally similar to the vitamin but have undergone some modification that may have altered its properties or functions compared to the original vitamin.