Glycoscience

Alloses

Allose is an aldohexose, a rare monosaccharide that is soluble in water but almost insoluble in methanol. Allose is mainly used in the food industry as a sweetener and can be used to synthesize compounds with potential pharmacological activities such as psicose and psic acid.

Arabinoses

Arabinose is also known as L(+)-arabinose, L(+)-pentose, pectinose, etc. It is a left-handed monosaccharide separated and extracted from a colloid secreted by a tree called Arabica by complex chemical and physical methods. Arabinose rarely exists in free form in nature. It is usually combined with other monosaccharides and exists in the form of heteropolysaccharides in plant pulp, gum, hemicellulose, pectin acid, bacterial polysaccharides and certain glycosides. As a low-calorie sweetener, arabinose is widely used in the food industry and can be used to make healthy foods such as sugar-free foods and low-sugar foods. In addition, it also has many uses in the fields of medicine and health foods, biological experiments, bioengineering, flavors and fragrances, etc.

Erythroses

Brown sugar refers to the finished sugar from sugarcane with honey. In addition to the functions of sugar, it also contains vitamins and trace elements, and its nutritional content is much higher than that of white sugar. It can be used as a food thickener and stabilizer, and can also be used to study functions such as sugar metabolism.

Fructoses

Fructose is a common monosaccharide belonging to the ketohexose family and contains 6 carbon atoms. It is an isomer of glucose and is widely found in nature, especially in sweet fruits and honey. Fructose exists in large quantities in fruit juice and honey in a free state. Naturally occurring fructose is usually a viscous liquid and is not easy to crystallize. Fructose is used as a thickener in food and is used to study sugar metabolism and related diseases.

Fucoses

Deoxysugars are sugars in which one or more of the hydroxyl groups of the molecule are replaced by hydrogen atoms. Common deoxysugars include 2-deoxyribose and fucose. 2-Deoxyribose is an important component of DNA, while fucose is a deoxyhexose at the C-6 position. Deoxysugars are components of many important glycoproteins and glycolipids, which play a role in cell signaling, adhesion, and immune response.

Galactosamines

Galactosamine is a hexosamine with a chemical system called 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose. In nature, galactosamine is widely present as a constituent sugar (in the form of N-acetylgalactosamine) of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that constitute the supporting material of animal cells and tissues. Galactosamine can be used to study biological processes such as glycosylation and sugar chain structure, and can also be used to construct targeted drug delivery systems to improve the utilization and efficacy of drugs.

Galactoses

Galactose is a component of lactose, which is composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose connected by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond. Galactose is widely present in nature, mainly from dairy products and foods containing lactose, such as milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, etc.

Glucosamines

Glucosamine, also known as glucosamine, is a compound found naturally in joint cartilage and is made of sugar and protein chains bound together. It is the body's natural shock absorber and joint lubricant, reducing pain in joints, bones, and muscles. Glucosamine plays an important role in joint health, helping to synthesize cartilage and synovial fluid, which protect and repair joints.

Glucoses

Glucose is an important monosaccharide belonging to the hexose class and is one of the most common and important simple sugars in nature. It is the main source of energy in living organisms and is also the basic component of many complex sugars and polysaccharides. Glucose usually exists in a ring form and is widely found in fruits, honey and many plants.

Glucuronic Acids

Glucuronic acid, as an important sugar acid, plays a key role in detoxification, drug metabolism and various applications.

Guloses

Glucose may be involved in the synthesis of certain glycoproteins, with potential effects on cell recognition and signal transduction.

Idoses

Inositols

Inositol is a six-carbon carbon ring sugar with a sweet taste. It belongs to the vitamin B complex, but the human body can synthesize inositol from glucose, so it is no longer considered a member of the vitamin B family. Inositol exists in multiple cis and trans isomers in nature. The most common inositol isomers are myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol. Inositol can be used in cell signaling, neuroprotection, metabolic regulation, etc.

Lyxoses

Mannosamines

Mannosamine is an amino sugar with a chemical formula of C₆H₁₃NO₆. It is derived from mannose and has an amino group (-NH₂) replacing a hydroxyl group (-OH), thus forming its unique molecular structure. It can be used in cell biology, drug development and

Mannoses

Mannose is a monosaccharide, a type of carbohydrate. It is an important nutrient in biochemistry and is widely present in various organisms, especially playing an important role in cell walls and cell membranes. Mannose can be used as a drug carrier or in biological applications to participate in cell-to-cell recognition and signal transduction.

Psicoses

Psicose , also known as allulose, is a rare naturally occurring sugar that belongs to the classification of hexose and ketose. Psicose is widely used as a sugar substitute in food and beverages due to its low calorie and good sweetness. In addition, Psic

Rhamnoses

Rhamnose is a six-carbon monosaccharide, which belongs to the naturally occurring carbohydrate compound. It is a non-reducing monosaccharide, and its molecular structure contains an aldehyde group. Rhamnose is widely present in nature, for example, it can be found in polysaccharides, epidermal lipids, antibiotics, etc. in plants. It is also an important bioactive substance, with multiple activities such as antibacterial, antitumor, and antiviral.

Riboses

Ribose is a five-carbon aldose, a monosaccharide with a chemical formula of C5H1O5. Ribose has two configurations: L-ribose and D-ribose. Among them, D-ribose is the main component of RNA and is also the raw material for molecules required for biochemical metabolism such as ATP and NADH. Ribose is widely used in biochemistry and medicine. It is a component of many vitamins and coenzymes, and ribose derivatives are used to develop antiviral drugs and other therapeutic molecules.

Sialic Acids

Sialic acid is a type of acidic monosaccharide with nine carbon atoms, belonging to a class of amino sugars, usually located at the end of complex sugar chains. They play important biological functions in organisms, including cell recognition, signal transduction and immune response.

Sorboses

Sorbose , is a monosaccharide ketose, belonging to the carbohydrate class. Its chemical formula is C6H12O6, and its molecular weight is 18.1559. Sorbose has two main forms: L-sorbose and D-sorbose, which are structurally different but belong to the same

Tagatoses

Tagatose is a rare sugar that is usually mass-produced through chemical conversion or bioconversion methods. It is a diastereomer of fructose, with a sweetness similar to sucrose, but only one-third of the calories of sucrose, so it is called a low-calor

Taloses

Xyloses

Xylose is a five-carbon monosaccharide (pentose) with a chemical formula of C₅H₁₀O₅. It is an important component of plant cell walls and some natural polysaccharides. Xylose is widely found in nature, especially in wood, crop residues, and some fruits an

Glycoproteins, Glycopeptides

Glycoprotein is a protein containing oligosaccharide chains, which are covalently linked to each other and are usually linked to the protein through glycosylation during co-translational modification or post-translational modification. The structure of glycoprotein consists of two parts: polypeptide chain and sugar, which are connected to the polypeptide chain by glycopeptide bonds. It can be used in antibodies, vaccines and diagnostic tools. Glycopeptides refer to peptide molecules containing sugar chains, which are usually composed of a small amount of amino acids and one or more sugar molecules. Glycopeptides can be divided into N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, and O-GlcNAC glycosylation according to the connection between amino acids and sugars, and can be used in antibiotics and drug design.

Glycolipids

Lipids are usually composed of one or more sugar molecules and a fatty acid chain or glycerol backbone. They are widely present in the cell membranes of organisms, play a variety of important biological functions, and play an important role in the structure, recognition and signal transduction of cell membranes.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are high molecular weight compounds composed of multiple monosaccharide units connected by glycosidic bonds. They are a type of carbohydrates that are widely found in plants, animals, and microorganisms and have a variety of biological functions and applications. Polysaccharides and their derivatives have a variety of biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hypoglycemic, and are widely used in drug research and development, and also have potential applications in food materials.

Sugar Antigens

Glycogen antigens are carbohydrate-based molecules that are usually found on the cell surface or in the body and can be recognized by the immune system and trigger an immune response. They are widely found in many organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals. Glycogen antigens can be used for vaccine development, immunotherapy, etc.

Milk Oligosaccharides

Human milk oligosaccharides refer to a type of complex carbohydrates found in breast milk, which are mainly composed of 2 to 10 monosaccharide units connected by glycosidic bonds. They have the functions of regulating immunity, helping brain development and regulating intestinal flora, and are helpful for the growth and development of infants and young children.

Natural Oligosaccharides

Natural Oligosaccharides are a type of oligosaccharides composed of multiple monosaccharide molecules connected by glycosidic bonds. They are usually found in plants, animals and microorganisms, and have a variety of biological activities, including regulating intestinal flora, enhancing immunity, and promoting digestion. Natural oligosaccharides are widely used in food, medicine, agriculture and other fields.

Natural Glycosides

Glycosides are a class of compounds formed by connecting a monosaccharide (or polysaccharide) to a non-sugar part (usually an organic molecule such as alcohol, phenol or sterol) through a glycosidic bond. These compounds are widely present in plants and certain microorganisms and have a variety of biological activities and application values.

Sulfated Sugars

Sulfated sugars are sugar derivatives that have one or more sulfate groups (SO₄²⁻) introduced into the sugar molecule. These sugars are usually part of polysaccharides or as derivatives of monosaccharides. Sulfated sugars have a variety of functions in or

Phosphated Sugars

Phosphorylated sugars are derivatives that have one or more phosphate groups (PO₄³⁻) introduced into sugar molecules. These compounds are widely present in various organisms and play an important role in metabolism, signal transduction, and energy transfe

Cyclodextrins

Fucose

Fucose is a six-carbon monosaccharide belonging to the class of deoxy sugars. Fucose is widely present on the cell surfaces, glycoproteins and glycolipids of various organisms and is an important component of many complex sugar structures.

Galactosamine

Galactosamine is a hexosamine with a chemical system called 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose. In nature, galactosamine is widely present as a constituent sugar (in the form of N-acetylgalactosamine) of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that constitute the supporting material of animal cells and tissues. Galactosamine can be used to study biological processes such as glycosylation and sugar chain structure, and can also be used to construct targeted drug delivery systems to improve the utilization and efficacy of drugs.

Galactose

Galactose is a component of lactose, which is composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose connected by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond. Galactose is widely present in nature, mainly from dairy products and foods containing lactose, such as milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, etc.

Glucosamine

Glucosamine, also known as glucosamine, is a compound found naturally in joint cartilage and is made of sugar and protein chains bound together. It is the body's natural shock absorber and joint lubricant, reducing pain in joints, bones, and muscles. Glucosamine plays an important role in joint health, helping to synthesize cartilage and synovial fluid, which protect and repair joints.

Glucuronic Acids

Glucuronic acid, as an important sugar acid, plays a key role in detoxification, drug metabolism and various applications.

Sialic Acids

Sialic acid is a type of acidic monosaccharide with nine carbon atoms, belonging to a class of amino sugars, usually located at the end of complex sugar chains. They play important biological functions in organisms, including cell recognition, signal transduction and immune response.

LacNAc

N-acetyl-D-lactosamine is a disaccharide composed of galactose and N-acetylglucose. It is a natural structural element present in a large number of complex sugars and is found in milk, urine, meconium and glycoproteins. It is a substrate for galactosidase, fucosyltransferase and sialyltransferase. It is used as a lectin inhibitory sugar to identify lectins.

Lacto-N-biose

Lacto-N-biose is an important disaccharide, which is composed of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) connected by β-1,3 glycosidic bonds. LNB is the basic unit of many complex sugar structures and is widely present in some natural polysaccharides and glycoproteins. It can be used in drug delivery, vaccine and other research fields

Galb(1-3)GalNAc

Galb(1-3)GalNAc is a specific sugar chain structure belonging to the glycoside class. It is composed of the monosaccharide galactose (Galactose) and N-acetylgalactosamine (N-acetylgalactosamine, GalNAc) connected by β-1,3 glycosidic bonds. This structure plays an important role in many organisms, especially in cell recognition and signal transduction.

Protected Sugars

Protected Sugars refers to the protection of the functions of sugar molecules by introducing specific protecting groups in organic synthesis and sugar chemistry.

Glycosyl Donors

Glycosyl Donors refers to the party containing the glycosidic bond in the process of synthesizing oligosaccharides, that is, the party containing the terminal anomeric carbon that participates in the reaction. In the process of forming the glycosidic bon

MP Glycosides

MP Glycosides are a special class of glycosides, usually referring to certain glycoside molecules with biological activity or pharmacological effects. MP stands for "Membrane Permeability". MP glycosides have shown broad application prospects in drug development and biomedical research due to their superior membrane permeability and biocompatibility.

pNP(para-Nitorophenyl) Glycoseides

pNP (para-Nitorophenyl) Glycoseides are a class of compounds widely used in sugar chemistry and biochemistry research. These glycosides are composed of a sugar part (such as glucose, galactose, etc.) connected to a p-nitrophenyl part through a glycosidic bond. Due to their unique optical properties, they have important applications in enzyme activity determination and reaction kinetics research. pNP glycosides are used as marker compounds to help study sugar metabolic pathways and the functions of related enzymes. In the process of new drug development, pNP glycosides can be used to screen compounds that target glycosidase activity.

Glycosyl Azides, Aminoethyl Glycosides, Aminopropyl Glycosides

Glycoside azides are a class of glycosides containing an azide group (-N₃), usually formed by connecting a sugar molecule to an azide group through a glycosidic bond. They can be used to synthesize new materials and biomarkers through click chemistry. Ami

Sugar Building Blocks by Target Oligosaccharides

Glyco-chemical Analysis

Glycochemical analysis is a scientific method used to study the chemical properties, structure and function of sugars and their derivatives. This analysis includes the separation, identification, quantification and interaction of sugars with other molecules.

Glyco-engeneering

Glycoengineering refers to the systematic design and modification of sugars and their interactions with other molecules through biotechnology to improve or create biomolecules with specific functions. This field combines multiple disciplines such as biochemistry, molecular biology, genetic engineering and drug development, and is widely used in the fields of pharmaceuticals, food, agriculture and biomaterials.

Glyco-functional Analysis

Glycofunctional analysis is a research method that aims to systematically evaluate and understand the functions and effects of sugars and their derivatives in organisms. Glycofunctional analysis can help us understand the biological functions of sugars, reveal the interactions between sugars and other biological molecules (such as proteins and lipids), and understand their mechanisms of action in biological processes. In drug development, effective sugar-related therapies or targeted therapeutic strategies can be designed by analyzing the functions of sugars.

Glyco-utilization

Glyco-engineering is a method used to control the composition of carbohydrates and enhance the pharmacological properties of protein drugs such as monoclonal antibodies and other proteins. This method has been widely used in the field of biopharmaceuticals, especially in improving the stability and bioavailability of drugs.

Cyclodextrins

Oligosaccharides (Other)